10. The ecological limits of the world

Many of the natural resources that we need to guarantee our survival and well-being are finite, but humans have lived with our backs to this reality throughout our history. The quality of these resources, apart from the quantity, is also a key aspect that we have not considered until now. At the point of eight billion inhabitants on the planet and with a growing consumption of resources per capita, it is now inevitable to talk about the limits of the planet. The concept of planetary boundaries, first proposed in 2009, identifies nine processes that are critical to maintaining planet Earth in the state of stability that has characterized the Holocene and that has allowed us to thrive as humanity. By 2023, six of these limits had already been exceeded, clearly indicating that a deep reflection on our reflection on the environment and our consumption patterns is necessary to guarantee a healthy and fair future.

• Emilio Santiago Muíño, anthropologist, researcher and ecosocial activist, author of Petróleo (Arcadia, 2018)
• Anna Traveset, Research professor at the Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC -UIB)
• Cristina O'Callaghan, co-director of the interuniversity master's degree in HealthUOC Planetarium-UPF -ISGlobal